Metadata

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Five copper plates; their corners slightly rounded off, with plate numbering inscribed in the left margin on reverse side of plates 1-4; h. 19 ×  w. 6 ×  d.  cm. The middle of every plate, toward the left side, is pierced by a hole through which ran a circular ring, which is now missing.
Text
Sanskrit language, Southern Brāhmī script. Beginning on face 1b, 4 lines per face, except for the first and fifth plates which are inscribed on the inner face only.
Date
In the twenty-fifth regnal year of king Pr̥thivīmūlarāja. Attributable to the period 400-600 CE on palaeographic grounds.
Origin
Unknown.
Provenance
Reported to have been found at a rockshelter at Kondavidu Fort in 1987, and acquired the same year by the Department of Archaeology and Museums. Identified at Guntur, Bauddhasiri Museum (acc. no. B.M.G. 171) in February 2016.
Visual Documentation
Photo(s) of estampage(s):
  • Krishna Sastry 1990; 1992
    • Photo(s):
  • VT 2016
    • Editors
    Arlo Griffiths and Vincent Tournier.
    Publication history
    First described and edited by Krishna Sastry 1990: 72-3, 76-7 . Re-edited here from available documentation and after autopsy of the plates.

    Edition

    1b 1 (1) svasti vijayatāṇḍikoṇḍavāsakād devadvijagurucaraṇasamārādhinā(2)dhigataniratiśayapuṇyanicayasya sakaladiṅmaṇḍalālaṅkārabhūtaya(3)śasaḥ śrīprabhākaravikhyātamahārājasya sūnur mmātāpitr̥pādānuddhyātaś śruti(4)smr̥tivihitapadārtthāvabodhajanitaprajñāvivekaniravagītānupālitā(5) 2aśeṣavarṇṇāśramadharmmaḥ parānugrahamātraprayojana(6)pratipannaiśvaryagurubhāraḥ paramamāheśvaraḥ (7) śrīmān pr̥thivīśrīmūlarāja °evam ājñāpayati yathā (8) ya tāḻupākaviṣaye velpukoṇḍa°ūṟukoṇḍamaddi2b 2 (9)ceruvu°ātukūrākhyagrāmamaddhyāvasthitaḥ kalvaceṟuvuḷa (10) nāma grāmaḥ śrīmahāmeghavāhanapratiṣṭhāpitavarddhamā(11)nimahāvihāranivāsarater ddhyānādhyayanakarmmānuṣṭhāna(12)parasyāryyabhikṣusaṁghasya yathāsukhaṁ caturvvidhapratyaya(13) 3aparibhogāya sarvvābādhaparihāreṇa sarvvādānaparivāraḥ (14) tāmraśāsanīkr̥tya mahāmātrapuṇyaśāsanamātāmahī(15)puṇyaprāptyartthaṁ pr̥dhivīśrīmūlarājena dattaḥ tad atra (16) śrutismr̥tivihitasadācārānuṣṭhānaparais sarvvair eva 3b 3 (17) rājabhir ayam asmadīyo dharmma °iti paripālanīyaḥ (18) hastikośavīrakośena ca tathāpy uktaṁ ||
    IAnuṣṭubh
    a bahubhir vva(19)sudhā dattā b bahubhiś cānupālitā
    c yasya yasya (20) yadā bhūmiḥ d tasya tasya tadā phalam iti || –
    4a (21) yaś cātra lobhapramādād ajñānakṣudraparivāra(22)doṣavaśād vā vilopaṁ kuryāt· tasyāyaṁ smr̥tivihitaḥ (23) pratyavāyo yathāha
    IIAnuṣṭubh
    a nighnatām bhartr̥govipra (24) b bālayoṣidvipaścitaḥ
    c yā gatis sā bhaved vr̥ttiṁ 4b 4 d (25) harataḥ śāsanākitām· || –
    IIIAnuṣṭubh
    a tām eva rakṣato yatnā[t·] b (26) nibodha kr̥tinaḥ phalam·
    c naikakalpasahasrāṇi d (27) divi devais sa divyati || –
    IVAnuṣṭubh
    a ṣaṣṭivarṣasahasrāṇi b (28) svargge krīḍati bhūmidaḥ
    c °ākṣeptā cānumantā ca d tāny eva 5a (29) narake vased iti ||
    pravarddhamānavijayasaṁvatsare pañca(30)viṁśatitame °āṣaḍhamāsaśuklapakṣasya prati(31)padi svamukhājñā
    VAnuṣṭubh
    a yāvaj jaladhimervvarkka b diṅmahī(32)nabhasa sthiti
    c tāvat· śrīmūlarājasya d loke tiṣṭhatu śāsana (dextrorotatory-spiral)
    plate 1b 1
    (1) svasti vijayatāṇḍikoṇḍavāsakād devadvijagurucaraṇasamārādhinā-
    (2)dhigataniratiśayapuṇyanicayasya sakaladiṅmaṇḍalālaṅkārabhūtaya-
    (3)śasaḥ śrīprabhākaravikhyātamahārājasya sūnur mmātāpitr̥pādānuddhyātaś śruti-
    (4)smr̥tivihitapadārtthāvabodhajanitaprajñāvivekaniravagītānupālitā-
    (5) plate 2aśeṣavarṇṇāśramadharmmaḥ parānugrahamātraprayojana-
    (6)pratipannaiśvaryagurubhāraḥ paramamāheśvaraḥ
    (7) śrīmān pr̥thivīśrīmūlarāja °evam ājñāpayati yathā
    (8) ya tāḻupākaviṣaye velpukoṇḍa°ūṟukoṇḍamaddiplate 2b 2 -
    (9)ceruvu°ātukūrākhyagrāmamaddhyāvasthitaḥ kalvaceṟuvuḷa
    (10) nāma grāmaḥ śrīmahāmeghavāhanapratiṣṭhāpitavarddhamā-
    (11)nimahāvihāranivāsarater ddhyānādhyayanakarmmānuṣṭhāna-
    (12)parasyāryyabhikṣusaṁghasya yathāsukhaṁ caturvvidhapratyaya-
    (13) plate 3aparibhogāya sarvvābādhaparihāreṇa sarvvādānaparivāraḥ
    (14) tāmraśāsanīkr̥tya mahāmātrapuṇyaśāsanamātāmahī-
    (15)puṇyaprāptyartthaṁ pr̥dhivīśrīmūlarājena dattaḥ tad atra
    (16) śrutismr̥tivihitasadācārānuṣṭhānaparais sarvvair eva plate 3b 3
    (17) rājabhir ayam asmadīyo dharmma °iti paripālanīyaḥ
    (18) hastikośavīrakośena ca tathāpy uktaṁ ||     bahubhir vva-
    (19)sudhā dattā     bahubhiś cānupālitā yasya yasya
    (20) yadā bhūmiḥ     tasya tasya tadā phalam iti || –     plate 4a
    (21) yaś cātra lobhapramādād ajñānakṣudraparivāra-
    (22)doṣavaśād vā vilopaṁ kuryāt· tasyāyaṁ smr̥tivihitaḥ
    (23) pratyavāyo yathāha     nighnatām bhartr̥govipra -
    (24)     bālayoṣidvipaścitaḥ yā gatis sā bhaved vr̥ttiṁ plate 4b 4
    (25) harataḥ śāsanākitām· || –     tām eva rakṣato yatnā[t·]
    (26) nibodha kr̥tinaḥ phalam·     naikakalpasahasrāṇi
    (27) divi devais sa divyati || –     ṣaṣṭivarṣasahasrāṇi
    (28) svargge krīḍati bhūmidaḥ     °ākṣeptā cānumantā ca tāny eva plate 5a
    (29) narake vased iti ||     pravarddhamānavijayasaṁvatsare pañca-
    (30)viṁśatitame °āṣaḍhamāsaśuklapakṣasya prati-
    (31)padi svamukhājñā     yāvaj jaladhimervvarkka diṅmahī-
    (32)nabhasa sthiti     tāvat· śrīmūlarājasya loke tiṣṭhatu śāsana (dextrorotatory-spiral) 
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					          <fw type="pageNum" place="marginleft">
                  <num value="1">1</num>
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					          <lb n="1"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6385">svasti</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6386">vijayatāṇḍikoṇḍavāsakād</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6387">devadvijagurucaraṇasamārādhinā<lb n="2" break="no"/>dhigataniratiśayapuṇyanicayasya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6389">sakaladiṅmaṇḍalālaṅkārabhūtaya<lb n="3" break="no"/>śasaḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6391">śrīprabhākaravikhyātamahārājasya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6392">sūnur</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6393">mmātāpitr̥pādānuddhyātaś</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6394">śruti<lb n="4" break="no"/>smr̥tivihitapadārtthāvabodhajanitaprajñāvivekaniravagītānupālitā<lb n="5" break="no"/>
                  <pb type="plate" n="2a"/>śeṣavarṇṇāśramadharmmaḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6396">parānugrahamātraprayojana<lb n="6" break="no"/>pratipannaiśvaryagurubhāraḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6397">paramamāheśvaraḥ</w>
					          <lb n="7"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6398">śrīmān</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6399">pr̥thivīśrīmūlarāja</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6400">°evam</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6401">ājñāpayati</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6402">yathā</w>
					          <lb n="8"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6403">ya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6404">tāḻupākaviṣaye</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6405">velpukoṇḍa°ūṟukoṇḍamaddi<pb type="plate" n="2b"/>
                  <fw type="pageNum" place="marginleft">
                     <num value="2">2</num>
                  </fw>
                  <lb n="9" break="no"/>ceruvu°ātukūrākhyagrāmamaddhyāvasthitaḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6406">kalvaceṟuvuḷa</w>
					          <lb n="10"/>
					          <w>nāma</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6407">grāmaḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6408">śrīmahāmeghavāhanapratiṣṭhāpitavarddhamā<lb n="11" break="no"/>nimahāvihāranivāsarater</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6410">ddhyānādhyayanakarmmānuṣṭhāna<lb n="12" break="no"/>parasyāryyabhikṣusaṁghasya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6411">yathāsukhaṁ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6412">caturvvidhapratyaya<lb n="13" break="no"/>
						            <pb type="plate" n="3a"/>paribhogāya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6413">sarvvābādhaparihāreṇa</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6414">sarvvādānaparivāraḥ</w>
					          <lb n="14"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6415">tāmraśāsanīkr̥tya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6416">mahāmātrapuṇyaśāsanamātāmahī<lb n="15" break="no"/>puṇyaprāptyartthaṁ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6417">pr̥dhivīśrīmūlarājena</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6418">dattaḥ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6419">tad</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6420">atra</w>
					          <lb n="16"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6421">śrutismr̥tivihitasadācārānuṣṭhānaparais</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6422">sarvvair</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6423">eva</w>
					          <pb type="plate" n="3b"/>
					          <fw type="pageNum" place="marginleft">
                  <num value="3">3</num>
               </fw>
					          <lb n="17"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6424">rājabhir</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6425">ayam</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6426">asmadīyo</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6427">dharmma</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6428">°iti</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6429">paripālanīyaḥ</w>
					          <lb n="18"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6430">hastikośavīrakośena</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6430bis">ca</w>
					          
					          <w xml:id="tok6431">tathāpy</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6432">uktaṁ</w>
					          <pc>||</pc>
				        </ab>
    <lg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="seq3039" met="Anuṣṭubh" n="I">
					          <l xml:id="seq2765" n="a">
						            <w xml:id="tok6434">bahubhir</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6435">vva<lb n="19" break="no"/>sudhā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6437">dattā</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2768" n="b">
						            <w xml:id="tok6438">bahubhiś</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6439">cānupālitā</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2769" n="c">
						            <w xml:id="tok6440">yasya</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6441">yasya</w>
						            <lb n="20"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6442">yadā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6443">bhūmiḥ</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2772" n="d">
						            <w xml:id="tok6444">tasya</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6445">tasya</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6446">tadā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6447">phalam</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6448">iti</w>
						            <pc>||</pc>
						            <pc>–</pc>
					          </l>
				        </lg>
    <ab xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
					          <pb type="plate" n="4a"/>
					          <lb n="21"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6451">yaś</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6452">cātra</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6453">lobhapramādād</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6454">ajñānakṣudraparivāra<lb n="22" break="no"/>doṣavaśād</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6455">vā</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6456">vilopaṁ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6457">kuryāt·</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6458">tasyāyaṁ</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6459">smr̥tivihitaḥ</w>
					          <lb n="23"/>
					          <w xml:id="tok6460">pratyavāyo</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6461">yathāha</w>
				        </ab>
    <lg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="seq3040" met="Anuṣṭubh" n="II">
					          <l xml:id="seq2780" n="a">
						            <w xml:id="tok6462">nighnatām</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6463">bhartr̥govipra</w>
                  <lb n="24" break="no"/>
               </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq3038" n="b">
                  <w xml:id="tok6464">bālayoṣidvipaścitaḥ</w>
               </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2784" n="c">
						            <w xml:id="tok6465">yā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6466">gatis</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6467">sā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6468">bhaved</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6469">vr̥ttiṁ</w>
					          </l>
					          <pb type="plate" n="4b"/>
					          <fw type="pageNum" place="marginleft">
                  <num value="4">4</num>
               </fw>
					          <l xml:id="seq2787" n="d">
						            <lb n="25"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6470">harataḥ</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6471">śāsanākitām·</w>
						            <pc>||</pc>
						            <pc>–</pc>
					          </l>
				        </lg>
    <lg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="seq3041" met="Anuṣṭubh" n="III">
					          <l xml:id="seq2788" n="a">
						            <w xml:id="tok6474">tām</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6475">eva</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6476">rakṣato</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6477">yatnā<unclear>t·</unclear>
						            </w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2791" n="b">
						            <lb n="26"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6478">nibodha</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6479">kr̥tinaḥ</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6480">phalam·</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2792" n="c">
						            <w xml:id="tok6481">naikakalpasahasrāṇi</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2795" n="d">
						            <lb n="27"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6482">divi</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6483">devais</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6484">sa</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6485">divyati</w>
						            <pc>||</pc>
						            <pc>–</pc>
					          </l>
				        </lg>
    <lg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="seq3042" met="Anuṣṭubh" n="IV">
					          <l xml:id="seq2796" n="a">
						            <w xml:id="tok6488">ṣaṣṭivarṣasahasrāṇi</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2799" n="b">
						            <lb n="28"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6489">svargge</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6490">krīḍati</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6491">bhūmidaḥ</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2800" n="c">
						            <w xml:id="tok6492">°ākṣeptā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6493">cānumantā</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6494">ca</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2801" n="d">
						            <w xml:id="tok6495">tāny</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6496">eva</w>
						            <pb type="plate" n="5a"/>
						            <lb n="29"/>
						            <w xml:id="tok6497">narake</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6498">vased</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6499">iti</w>
						            <pc>||</pc>
					          </l>
				        </lg>
    <ab xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
					          <w xml:id="tok6501">pravarddhamānavijayasaṁvatsare</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6502">pañca<lb n="30" break="no"/>viṁśatitame</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6504">°āṣaḍhamāsaśuklapakṣasya</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6505">prati<lb n="31" break="no"/>padi</w>
					          <w xml:id="tok6507">svamukhājñā</w>
				        </ab>
    <lg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="seq3043" met="Anuṣṭubh" n="V">
					          <l xml:id="seq2809" n="a">
						            <w xml:id="tok6508">yāvaj</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6509">jaladhimervvarkka</w>
               </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2810" n="b">
                  <w xml:id="tok6855">diṅmahī<lb n="32" break="no"/>nabhasa</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6510">sthiti</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2813" n="c">
						            <w xml:id="tok6511">tāvat·</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6512">śrīmūlarājasya</w>
					          </l>
					          <l xml:id="seq2814" n="d">
						            <w xml:id="tok6513">loke</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6514">tiṣṭhatu</w>
						            <w xml:id="tok6515">śāsana</w>
						            <g type="dextrorotatory-spiral"/>
					          </l>
				        </lg>

    Apparatus

    • (1) -samārādhinā- Correct -samārādhanā-, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .
    • (2) sakaladiṅmaṇḍalālaṅkāra- sakaladiṅmaṇḍalālankāra- VVKS .
    • (3) sūnur ssū(sū)nur VVKS .
    • (8) ya Emend yat. Krishna Sastry 1990: (n.11) considers the akṣara redundant.
    • (8) -°ūṟukoṇḍa- -°uṟukoṇḍa- VVKS .
    • (9) -°ātukūrākhya- -°atukūrākhya- VVKS .
    • (9) -grāma- Krishna Sastry 1990: (n.12) needlessly proposes to emend -grāmāṇāṁ.
    • (9) -maddhyāvasthitaḥ -madhyavasthitaḥ VVKS .
    • (9) kalvaceṟuvuḷa kalvaceṟuvula VVKS .
    • (12) caturvvidhapratyaya- caturvidhapratyāya- VVKS .
    • (13) sarvvābādhapari- sarvvabādhapari- VVKS . Krishna Sastry 1990 corrects <dha-> to <dhā->. But the reading -bādhāpari- is not attested anywhere in these inscriptions. The reading as it stands could be corrected sarvvabādhapari-, in which case one could argue that the scribe anticipated correct sarvvā- further on in the line. Note, however, that the same reading sarvvābādhaparihāreṇa is preserved in EIAD 175, l. 33; sarvvābādhaparihāram is found in 170, l. 8. It therefore seems necessary to take the compound as sarvva + ābādha-.
    • (14) mahāmātrapuṇyaśāsanamātā- Krishna Sastry 1990 corrects <tra> to <trā>, but this does not seem desirable.
    • (15) pr̥dhivī- Correct pr̥thivī-. The scribe has omitted the central dot that would have made <th> out of <dh>. Krishna Sastry 1990 has not noticed the error.
    • (15) tad atra tadanu VVKS .
    • (18) hastikośavīrakośena The editor of Krishna Sastry’s publication (n. 15) proposes to correct to hastikośavīrakośābhyāṁ.
    • (18) tathāpy tadhāpy VVKS . Krishna Sastry corrects his reading to tathāpy. It seems unproblematic to read <th>.
    • (22) -parivāra- -paricāra- VVKS .
    • (22) doṣavaśād vā vilopaṁ -doṣavaśād vivilopaṁ VVKS . With parenthetic ‘corrections’ to -doṣavaśāt vidhilopaṁ.
    • (22-23) smr̥tivihitaḥ pratyavāyo smr̥tivihitapratyavāyo VVKS .
    • (23) bhartr̥- bhatr̥- VVKS .
    • (24) -bāla- -bala- VVKS .
    • (24) -vipaścitaḥ vipaścidaḥ VVKS .
    • (24-25) vr̥ttiṁ harataḥ vr̥ttiharataḥ VVKS .
    • (25) śāsanākitām· Emend śāsanāṁkitām·, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .
    • (25) yatnāt· The final consonant looks a bit more like <n·>, but it seems highly unlikely that this is what the engraver intended.
    • (27) divyati Emend dīvyati, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .
    • (30) °āṣaḍha- Emend °āṣāḍha, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .
    • (31) svamukhājñā svamukhājñayā VVKS .
    • (32) -nabhasa sthiti The reading is uncertain; one has the impression that the engraver first wrote <ṣṭ> and then tried to correct it into something which may as well have been intended to be <ssth> as <sth>. Emend -nabhasas sthitiḥ, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .
    • (32) śāsana Emend śāsanam·, as indicated by Krishna Sastry 1990 .

    Translation

    (1–7)Hail! From the victorious camp of Tāṇḍikoṇḍa, the illustrious king Pr̥thivīśrīmūla, blessed by the feet of his parents; upholder of all laws on class and stage of life, in impeccable manner, through [his] intelligence and discrimination produced by [his] perception of the meanings of the words enjoined in revelation and tradition; who had undertaken the heavy burden of sovereignty with the sole purpose of favoring others; devout worshiper of Maheśvara; son of the celebrated great king Śrī Prabhākara, whose fame was the ornament of all quarters of space, whose unsurpassed store of merit had been obtained by the veneration of the feet of gods, brahmins and masters — he commands as follows:
    (8–18)‘The village named Kalvaceṟuvuḷ, situated in the middle of the villages called Velpukoṇḍa, Ūṟukoṇḍa, Maddiceruvu and Ātukūrā, in the Tāḻupāka district, has been given by king Pr̥thivīśrīmūla, accompanied by [the right to take] levies, with complete exemption from taxes, after making a charter in copper, with a view to his maternal grandmother obtaining the merit of a grant entailing very copious merit, for the purpose of unrestricted (yathāsukham) use for the fourfold requisites by the community of noble monks, devoted to the execution of tasks such as meditation and study, delighted to reside in the great monastery of Vardhamāni that had been established by Śrī Mahāmeghavāhana — therefore [it] is to be safeguarded by all [future] kings, devoted to the execution of good conduct in this connection, as enjoined in revelation and tradition, [thinking] “This is our duty,” [and particularly] by the Hastikośa and the Vīrakośa.’ And thus is it said:
    I.

    By numerous [kings], land has been given; and by many it has been protected. Whoever holds land at a given moment, to him does the fruit then belong.

    (21-23)The one who would carry out the annulment [of a foundation], whether by cupidity and negligence, or by ignorance and under influence of the sins of lowly dependants, to fim [befalls] this offence stated in tradition. It is said:
    II.

    The destiny of those who slay their master, a cow, a brahmin, a child, a woman or a learned man, will be the one of him who seizes [the land/livelihood] that is marked by a (royal) charter.

    III.

    Hear the fruit of the virtuous man who protects it scrupulously: during numerous thousands of aeons he plays in heaven with the gods.

    IV.

    The giver of land revels in heaven for sixty thousand years; the one who seizes [land] as well as the one who approves (of the seizing) will reside as many [years] in hell.

    (29-31)Oral command [issued] in the twenty-fifth victorious and prosperous year, on the first [day] of the waxing fortnight of the month of Āṣāḍha.
    V.

    As long as the endurance of oceans, Meru, sun, directions, earth and sky, so long may the charter (or: rule) of Śrī Mūlarāja endure on earth!

    Secondary bibliography